Himmelsbeobachtungen und deren Messung, von der Regierungszeit des Gudea von Lagash bis zum Almagest des Claudius Ptolemäus

The present article gives an overview on the development of measurement and practical acquisition circle section dimensions since late 3rd millennium BC. In key points, prerequisites implementation for celestial observations over approx. 1500 years up to 8th century BC are collected analyzed, in terms their logical requirements connected archaeological findings. A comprehensible unambiguous calculation is made cubits used from 2nd BC, which estimated values between 2.5 2.1 angular degrees have been determined Kugler 1900 until recently researchers. Therefore, first time, exact transformation value presented here. Not only connections further this system presented, but also its coherent adaptation definition use unit measurement, still today, around 200 addition, some data previous interpretation various sources put discussion, even include table Chords, by Ptolemy his Almagest use.